The crude oil
obtained either from expellers or solvent extraction plant contains impurities,
which must be removed to make the oil edible, more palatable and stable against
rancidity upon storage, the process of removing these impurities is called
refining.
Impurities present
in the oil
Gums, gums are
phospholipids. There are two types of gums present, hydratable and non
hydratable gums are removed during degumming steps.
Coloring matter,
pigments such as chlorophyll carotene, anthophyll and gossypol, these color
bodies which impart distinct color to the oil are removed during neutralizing and
bleaching steps.
They are generally
present in small quantities but their presence impart strong, sometimes
objectionable odor to the oil. These substances are volatile in nature and
removed by deodorization step.
Some oils like
sunflower contains appreciable amounts of waxes. Waxed are high melting esters
of fatty alcohol with long chain fatty acids. These are removed by dewaxing
step.
The
palm fruit yields two distinct oils – palm oil and palm kernel oil. Palm
oil is extracted from the pulp of the fruit, is edible and used primarily in
food products. Palm kernel oil is extracted from the seed of the fruit and is
used mainly in the manufacture of soaps and cosmetics, while palm kernel is
used as a feed for livestock and biofuel for generating electricity.
Palm oil process mainly includes weighing, unloading fruit, sterilization,
threshing, empty fruit bunches, digesting, pressing, fiber separation, kernel
separation, clarification, oil transfer, water treatment, power house.
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